Đề bài

Phân tích các đa thức sau thành nhân tử: a) \(3\left( {a - b} \right) + 2{\left( {a - b} \right)^2}\); b) \({\left( {a + 2} \right)^2} - \left( {4 - {a^2}} \right)\); c) \({a^2} - 2ab - 4a + 8b\); d) \(9{a^2} - 4{b^2} + 4b - 1\); e) \({a^2}{b^4} - 81{a^2}\); g) \({a^6} - 1\).

Lời giải chi tiết

a) \(3\left( {a - b} \right) + 2{\left( {a - b} \right)^2} = \left( {a - b} \right)\left( {3 + 2a - 2b} \right)\);b) \({\left( {a + 2} \right)^2} - \left( {4 - {a^2}} \right) = {\left( {a + 2} \right)^2} - \left( {2 - a} \right)\left( {a + 2} \right) = \left( {a + 2} \right)\left( {a + 2 - 2 + a} \right) = 2a\left( {a + 2} \right)\);c) \({a^2} - 2ab - 4a + 8b = \left( {{a^2} - 2ab} \right) - \left( {4a - 8b} \right) = a\left( {a - 2b} \right) - 4\left( {a - 2b} \right)\) \( = \left( {a - 2b} \right)\left( {a - 4} \right)\);d) \(9{a^2} - 4{b^2} + 4b - 1 = 9{a^2} - \left( {4{b^2} - 4b + 1} \right) = {\left( {3a} \right)^2} - {\left( {2b - 1} \right)^2}\)\( = \left( {3a - 2b + 1} \right)\left( {3a + 2b - 1} \right)\);e) \({a^2}{b^4} - 81{a^2} = {a^2}\left( {{b^4} - 81} \right) = {a^2}\left[ {{{\left( {{b^2}} \right)}^2} - {9^2}} \right] = {a^2}\left( {{b^2} - 9} \right)\left( {{b^2} + 9} \right)\)\( = {a^2}\left( {{b^2} + 9} \right)\left( {b - 3} \right)\left( {b + 3} \right)\)g) \({a^6} - 1 = \left( {{a^3} - 1} \right)\left( {{a^3} + 1} \right) = \left( {a - 1} \right)\left( {{a^2} + a + 1} \right)\left( {a + 1} \right)\left( {{a^2} - a + 1} \right)\).